GRC 175 Class Lessons

Types of Web Sites

Amazon.com

Amazon.com can be thought of as a database-driven site (4th generation) since it uses a database to fulfill inquiries from users.

By database-driven reference is made to how the pages are built and designed. [ If the computer—through programming—creates the pages as the user calls for them, then that is database-driven].

There is a feature amazon.com offers at the top of its home page
("personalized recommendations") which uses cookies and scripts to help identify the visitor when he/she logs on and then to search the database for their purchases and make recommendations for them.

But aside from that feature, it could be argued that it is a 3rd generation site by the 1st definition below.

If you follow the 2nd definition below you could justify it as a 4th generation (in the sense of a site being "web standards compliant" as being 4th generation.)

However, even a simple site can be web standards compliant and not use very much technology to classify it as a 3rd or 4th generation site.

To classify as which generation it is, look at the technology used and how it is used to design the site presentation and experience.

Look at the design of the site (not just the graphic design; but the architectural/navigational/experiential design) and see if that what drives the site. Just because Flash (vector animation) is used doesn't mean the site is 3rd generation.

As long as you can justify your classifying of the site, I will accept your answer. I want you to become aware of how web sites are designed and the relationship of that design to the technology it uses.
At this point it is mostly perception.
---------------------------

4th Generation Sites

Definition #1

The following are a few comments from the forum topic "What makes a site a 4th generation one?" from webmaster-forums.net.

"It could be websites which make use of 4GL's (4th Generation Languages)"
Ravi

"A 4th generation site is generally a site that incorporates much of the latest technology (client scripting, server-side scripting, database features).
It's a pretty loose term as a reference.
1st generation was basically straight text; 2nd incorporated tables and images, basic scripting; 3rd included more advanced scripting, and server-side programming."
Lloyd

Definition #2

The following is a definition from www.how-to-build-websites.com

Definition of a 4th generation web site:
4th generation web sites have all the elements of a 3rd generation web site along with the following:

  1. The proper use of markup (HTML): only structural tags in the HTML, use of CSS, proper use of structural tags in the layout ( tag order in a document for example).
  2. Respect to usability in web site design: using proven layouts
  3. Search engine aware web pages and web site.
  4. Well structured —easily up dateable.
  5. Automatically printable with CSS media type linked CSS files.
  6. In a nutshell: a web standards compliant website.3rd gen. sites are very design-driven (use of flash, interactive media) and provide a fabricated experience for their users.

2nd generation sites originally were based on tables and allowed the designer to really jazz up the site.

Some of these sites today are really quite beautifully designed, but unless they create an experience for the user, they are really just a plain ol' library with a smart-looking facade.

Amazon.com would be a 3rd generation site by that definition. Not a lot of aesthetic design, but it certainly has a lot of organizational and architectural design.

Most people come to Amazon to make a purchase or find some information about a book, not just for the experience like one would get if they were to walk into a brick-and-motor bookstore.

In summary

Look at the approach and design of the site and how it uses technology.

Divide your choices into either 2nd or 3rd, even though some may have databases involved. 3rd gen. are driven by the design and the experience it tries to give you.

Going by the definitions I have outlined—which come from Chapter 2 of David Siegal's book Creating Killer Web Site (link is in the sidebar of the Web Generations page)—from a design point, Amazon is an advanced 2nd Generation.

Siegal says 2nd generations are menu-, icon-, and technology-driven.

While I describe a 3rd generation like a bookstore, the irony is that Amazon (yes, a bookstore) is not really like a bookstore, but more like a technology-drive library. In some ways it gives you an experience.

Check out www.absolut.com and you will see an extreme example of a 3rd generation site. It is design-driven. In some ways it is 4th generation with its dynamic content.

As technology increases and you get a much more diverse mix of features in web sites, it is more difficult to distinguish which generation it is.

You should get a basic idea of the APPROACH to a web site and classify them that way.

 

LECTURE 1        Web Site Generations

More on Site Generations

I'll be commenting on your site choices for 2nd and 3rd generation sites based on the definitions provided on the Web Generations page.

The idea behind generations is how the web has taken some leaps forward based on the increases in technology and how designers have used that technology.

I believe David Siegal, author of Creating Killer Web Sites (find a link on the Resources Page) referred to web generations in his original edition, but doesn't much any more because the web has gotten so much more complicated and designers are creating web sites that cross over the definitions he first set down.

Types of Web Sites

Today, web sites are classified differently. Authors Shelly, Cashman and Wells in their book "Dreamweaver MX 2004—Complete Concepts and Techniques" list the following 9 basic types of web sites:

Type

Definition / Content

Example

Portal

Generally synonymous with gateway; a major starting site for users when they get connected to the web, an anchor site, linking to many other sites.

Typical services offered by portal sites include:

  • directory of Web sites,
  • ability to search for information
  • news
  • weather information
  • e-mail
  • stock quotes
  • phone and map information
  • community forum

News

news articles, current events

Informational

governmental and non-profit agencies are the chief providers of these sites

Business/Marketing

sells products and services

Education

formal and informal learning content

Entertainment

music, video, sports, games and other interactive content

Advocacy

sites for causes, opinions, and issues

Personal

individual and family

Blog

A short form for weblog, a personal journal published on the Web.

Blogs frequently include:

  • philosophical reflections
  • opinions on the Internet and social issues
  • "log" of the author's favorite web links.

Blogs are usually presented in journal style with a new entry each day.

As you can see, these are primarily ways of presenting (classifying) content, which is of course why people go to web sites.

Any of these sites could be designed and take advantage of the technological features made available by each of the generations of the web.

The problem with talking about generations is that there is a difference of opinion as to what generation we are in.

The point I want to make here is for you to be aware of the technology and how it has affected the evolution of the web.

In review:

The “Generations” approach to classifying a site mostly looks at the kinds of design created using the technology available at that time.

The “Types” approach to classifying a site mostly looks at the main approach and the content it has.

Both ways can be confusing because sites created today use various types of technology and varying types of content (see Amazon sidebar).

Since 3rd generation web site technology came into being, things have really taken off. A great deal of technological advances have been made.

Flash, for example, was first exploited by the designer to enhance the design and the interactivity of their sites. But that doesn't mean that anyone who uses a Flash object on their site has transformed it to a 3rd or 4th gen site

That is why it is so difficult to classify some sites which use a little of some of the advanced technology.

You could have a 2nd generation web site that uses forms to access a database; that doesn't make it fall into the classification of a 4th generation site.

A point can be made that the design of the Amazon.com home page could have been created with 2nd generation web technology. What makes amazon.com more advanced than that is its use of a database.


Below is an explanation of the subject taken from /www.sitepoint.com/article/php-mysql-tutorial, quoting Build your own Database Driven Website using PHP & MySQL - Third Edition, by Kevin Yank.

Why a Database Drive Website?

"Content is king."

Cliché, yes; but it has never been more true.

Once you've mastered HTML and learned a few neat tricks in JavaScript and Dynamic HTML, you can probably design a pretty impressive-looking Website. But your next task must be to fill that fancy page layout with some real information.

Any site that successfully attracts repeat visitors has to have fresh and constantly updated content. In the world of traditional site building, that means HTML files—and lots of 'em.

The problem is that, more often than not, the people who provide the content for a site are not the same people who handle its design.

Frequently, the content provider doesn't even know HTML. How, then, is the content to get from the provider onto the Website? Not every company can afford to staff a full-time Webmaster, and most Webmasters have better things to do than copying Word files into HTML templates anyway.

Maintenance of a content-driven site can be a real pain, too. Many sites (perhaps yours?) feel locked into a dry, outdated design because rewriting those hundreds of HTML files to reflect a new look would take forever.

Server-side includes (SSIs) can help alleviate the burden a little, but you still end up with hundreds of files that need to be maintained should you wish to make a fundamental change to your site.

The solution to these headaches is database-driven site design.

By achieving complete separation between your site's design and the content you want to present, you can work with each without disturbing the other.

Instead of writing an HTML file for every page of your site, you only need to write a page for each kind of information you want to be able to present. Instead of endlessly pasting new content into your tired page layouts, create a simple content management system that allows the writers to post new content themselves without a lick of HTML!

LECTURE 1        Web Site Generations